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Mariana Trench
Mariana Trench is the deepest place on earth. Let's know about it.
Discovery
The depths of the Mariana Trench were first plumbed in 1875 by the British ship H.M.S. Challenger as part of the first global oceanographic cruise. The Challenger scientists recorded a depth of 4,475 fathoms (about five miles, or eight kilometers) using a weighted sounding rope. In 1951, the British vessel H.M.S. Challenger II returned to the spot with an echo-sounder and measured a depth of nearly 7 miles (11 kilometers).
Location and size
About 200 km east of the Mariana Islands, lies the Mariana Trench. It is the deepest oceanic trench on earth. It is crescent- shaped and measures about 2,550 km (1,580 mi) in length and 69 km (43 mi) in width. The average depth of the ocean is about 12,100 feet. The deepest part of the ocean is called the challenger deep and is located beneath the western Pacific ocean in the southern end of Mariana Trench. The maximum known depth is 10,984 meters (36,037 ft) at the southern end of a small slot shaped valley in its floor known as Challenger Deep. If Mount Everest was placed into the stretch at its point, its peak would still be underwater by more than two kilometres (1.2 mi).
Pressure
Eight Tons Per Square Inch
At the bottom of the trench, the water column above exerts a pressure of 1,086 bars (15,750 psi), more than 1,071 times the standard atmospheric pressure at sea level. At this pressure, the density of water is increased by 4.96%. This pressure is equal to the the pressure exerted by 100 elephants standing on your head. That is about the weight you would feel at the bottom of the Mariana Trench from nearly 11,000 m (7 miles) of water above!
Temperatures
Because of its extreme depth, the Mariana Trench is cloaked in perpetual darkness and the temperature is just a few degrees above freezing. The temperature at the bottom is 1 to 4 °C (34 to 39 °F).
The Challenger Deep is Deepest
Some points of the trench are deeper than others, with the deepest section being called the Challenger Deep. It was named for two ships that have explored its depths with sounding equipment – the HMS Challenger and the HMS Challenger II, whose crew first founded the depths of the trench in 1875.
Things Do Live There
Despite the lack of light and the hostile, acidic conditions in the trench, a surprising number of organisms live there. There are more than 200 known microorganisms and small creatures that live there, including crustaceans and amphipods.
As more expeditions eventually explore the trench, it’s almost certain new species will be discovered there. A new type of snailfish was found in the trench.
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